Yapahuwa

Yapahuwa is an ancient rock fortress located in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka, approximately 15 km east of the city of Kurunegala. Once the capital of Sri Lanka during the 13th century, Yapahuwa is an important historical site, known for its stunning architectural ruins, scenic location, and rich cultural heritage.

Historical Significance

• Establishment and Rise to Power:
  Yapahuwa was established as a fortress and royal capital during the reign of King Bhuvanekabahu I (1272-1284). After the fall of the ancient capital of Anuradhapura and the destruction of Polonnaruwa, Yapahuwa became a strategic location for the kingdom’s rulers due to its defensible position on a massive rock plateau, surrounded by steep cliffs and dense jungle.
• King Bhuvanekabahu I:
  King Bhuvanekabahu I chose Yapahuwa as his capital, where he built a fortress with impressive architectural features. The king is also said to have moved the Sacred Tooth Relic to Yapahuwa for a time, and it was kept in a specially designed shrine.
• Decline of Yapahuwa:
  Yapahuwa remained the capital for just a few decades. After King Bhuvanekabahu’s death, the fortress gradually lost its significance as the capital. In the late 13th century, Parakramabahu II moved the capital back to Polonnaruwa, marking the decline of Yapahuwa as a political center. Over time, the fortress fell into ruin.

Architectural Features

• The Rock Fortress:
  Yapahuwa is primarily known for its fortress, which was built on top of a towering rock, rising about 300 feet (91 meters) above the surrounding landscape. The fortress is accessed by a stone stairway with guardstones, which is still visible today. Visitors can climb to the top to view the remains of the ancient palace and enjoy panoramic views of the surrounding area.
• The Royal Entrance:
  The entrance to the fortress is one of Yapahuwa’s most impressive features. It is flanked by massive stone steps and elaborate guardstones, which depict lion figures similar to those seen at Sigiriya. The lion’s paws are carved into large stone blocks, leading to a highly decorated gateway that was once part of the royal entrance to the palace.
• Sacred Tooth Relic Shrine:
  One of the most significant parts of Yapahuwa’s history is the Shrine of the Sacred Tooth Relic, which was housed here for a period. The reliquary chamber where the relic was kept was a magnificent structure, and though it is no longer intact, the remains of the shrine give insight into the significance of the Tooth Relic in Sri Lankan history.
• Palace and Ruins:
  At the top of the rock, the ruins of the royal palace and other buildings are visible. The layout of the fortress includes remnants of stone walls, stone foundations, and parts of ornate columns, which highlight the sophistication and grandeur of the ancient palace complex.

Cultural and Archaeological Significance

• Archaeological Excavations:
  Yapahuwa has been the subject of numerous archaeological excavations that have uncovered valuable artifacts, including stone inscriptions, pottery, and other cultural relics. The site provides important evidence of Sri Lanka’s medieval history and the way of life during the time when it served as the royal capital.
• Cultural Heritage:
  Yapahuwa is a symbol of Sri Lanka’s medieval cultural and political history. Its strategic location, architectural features, and association with the Sacred Tooth Relic make it an essential part of Sri Lanka’s heritage. It reflects the creativity and engineering skills of ancient Sri Lankan builders.

Visiting Yapahuwa

• Location:
  Yapahuwa is located approximately 15 kilometers east of Kurunegala, in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. It can be reached by road from Kurunegala, which is well-connected to major cities like Colombo and Kandy.
• Opening Hours:
  Yapahuwa is open to visitors throughout the week. The best time to visit is in the morning or late afternoon when the weather is cooler and the views from the rock are most spectacular.
• Entry Fee:
  There is an entry fee for tourists, with separate rates for locals and foreign visitors. This fee helps maintain the site and support conservation efforts.
• Dress Code:
  While there is no strict dress code, visitors are advised to wear comfortable clothing and footwear, especially when climbing the steep steps leading to the fortress. Modest attire is recommended as it is an archaeological site.
• Best Time to Visit:
  The ideal time to visit Yapahuwa is during the cooler months, from December to April. The site can get quite hot during midday, so visiting early in the morning or later in the afternoon is recommended for a more comfortable experience.

Nearby Attractions

• Kurunegala Town:
  The town of Kurunegala, located just 15 km from Yapahuwa, is a central hub in Sri Lanka’s North Western Province. It is known for its historical temples, local markets, and the ethereal “Etha Gala” (Elephant Rock).
• Mihintale:
  A short drive from Yapahuwa, Mihintale is an ancient Buddhist monastery and an important pilgrimage site. It is often referred to as the cradle of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, where Buddhism was introduced to the island.
• Dambulla Cave Temple:
  Located about 60 km from Yapahuwa, the Dambulla Cave Temple is one of the most famous Buddhist sites in Sri Lanka. The temple complex is a UNESCO World Heritage site, known for its impressive cave temples and over 150 statues of Buddha.

Why Visit Yapahuwa?

Yapahuwa is an off-the-beaten-path destination that offers visitors a glimpse into Sri Lanka’s medieval history and architectural brilliance. Its stunning fortress ruins, sacred connections to the Tooth Relic, and panoramic views make it a fascinating historical site to explore. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an adventurer, or simply someone looking for a peaceful escape in nature, Yapahuwa provides a unique and rewarding experience.